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Nd:YAG
|
|
Neodymium doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:Y3Al5O12
or Nd:YAG) laser material is the most widely used solid-state laser material
nowadays.
We provide high quality Nd:YAG with different dimensions and specifications
for the use in industrial, medical and scientific applications. Nd:YAG
is grown utilizing Czochralsky technique.
MAIN PROPERTIES:
| Chemical formula |
Nd3+:Y3Al5O12 |
| Crystal structure |
cubic |
| Nd dopant concentration,
at.% |
0.7 - 1.1 |
| Lattice constant, Å |
12.01 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
4.56 |
| Mohs hardness |
8.5 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient |
7.8 x
10-6 x
°K-1,
<111> |
| Thermal conductivity at
25°C, W x cm-1
x
°K-1 |
0.14 |
| Loss coefficient at 1064
nm, cm-1 |
0.003 |
| Refractive index, at 1
µm |
1.82 |
| Lasing wavelength, nm |
1064.0 |
| Pump wavelength, nm |
807.5 |
| Absorption band at pump
wavelength, nm |
1 |
Rods with round cross-sections are
manufactured:
| Orientation |
<111> direction |
| Diameter, mm |
(4 ÷ 8)
± 0.025 |
| Length, mm |
up to 130 ±
0.5 |
| Flatness |
< λ/10 |
| Parallelism,
arc sec |
< 10 |
| Perpendicularity,
arc min |
< 5 |
| Roughness,
scratch/dig |
10 - 5 |
Rod end faces are anti-reflection coated for high power laser operations.
Reflectivity at 1064 nm is < 0.2% per surface. Total reflective or
partial reflective coatings are available at request.
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Er:YAG
|
|
MAIN PROPERTIES:
| Chemical formula |
Er3+:Y3Al5O12 |
| Crystal structure |
cubic |
| Er dopant concentration,
at.% |
50 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
4.56 |
| Mohs hardness |
8.5 |
| Orientation |
<111> crystallographic
direction (±5°) |
| Refractive
index |
1.837 |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1 x
°K-1 |
0.12 |
| Lasing transition |
4I11/2→
4I13/2 |
| Emission wavelength,
µm |
2.94 |
| Stimulated
emission cross-section, cm2 |
3.0 x
10-20 |
We offer Er:YAG laser rods up to 7 mm in diameter and 120
mm long. Other dimensions are available at request.
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Yb:YAG
|
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|
Ytterbium doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Yb:Y3Al5O12
or Yb:YAG) is one of the most promising laser-active materials and more
suitable for diode-pumping than the traditional Nd-doped crystals. It
can be pumped at 0.94 µm and generates 1.03 µm laser output. Compared
with the commonly used Nd:YAG crystal, Yb:YAG crystal has a larger absorption
bandwidth in order to reduce thermal management requirements for diode
lasers, a longer upper-state lifetime, three to four times lower thermal
loading per unit pump power. Yb:YAG crystal is expected to replace Nd:YAG
crystal for high power diode-pumped lasers and other potential applications.
ADVANTAGES:
- Very low fractional heating, less than 11%
- Very high slope efficiency, up to 72%
- Broad absorption bands, about 10 nm, λ = 940 nm
- No excited-state absorption or up-conversion
- Conveniently pumped by reliable InGaAs diodes at 940 nm (or 970
nm)
- High thermal conductivity and strength
MAIN PROPERTIES:
| Chemical formula |
Yb3+:Y3Al5O12 |
| Crystal structure |
cubic |
| Yb dopant concentration
, at.% |
10 |
| Lattice constant,
Å |
12.01 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
4.56 |
| Mohs hardness |
8.5 |
| Thermal expansion
coefficient |
7.8 x
10-6 x
°K-1,
<111>, 0 - 250 °C |
| Thermal conductivity
at 25°C, W x cm-1
x
°K-1 |
0.14 |
| Loss coefficient
at 1064 nm, cm-1 |
0.003 |
| Refractive
index |
1.82 |
| Lasing wavelength,
nm |
1030 |
| Pump wavelength,
nm |
940 |
| Absorption
band about pump wavelength, nm |
10 |
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|
|
Cr+4:YAG
and PASSIVE Q-SWITCH |
|
Cr+4:Y3Al5O12
or Cr+4:YAG - is a material that can be
used as an active media for CW, pulsed or self mode-locked tunable NIR
solid-state lasers with the tunability range of 1340 - 1580 nm as well
as a media for Q-switching in lasers with operating wavelength at 950
- 1100 nm. It is particularly useful in practical applications because
of convenient absorption band of Cr+4around
1 mm which gives possibilities to pump it by regular Nd:YAG lasers. A
saturation of absorption in the band at 1060 nm is useful for application
in small sized Nd:YAG oscillators with flash lamp or laser diode pumping
instead of based on dye or LiF:F-center passive Q-switches. With the usage
of Cr+4:YAG crystal the self mode-locking
(KML) regime is achievable. It gives an opportunity to build the laser
source with pulse duration shorter than 100 fs at 1450 - 1580 nm.
Finally, its high thermal and radiation stability as well as excellent
optical and mechanical properties will give you an opportunity to design
reliable devices based on the crystal.
MAIN PROPERTIES OF Cr+4:YAG:
| Mechanical
Properties |
|
| Mohs hardness |
8.5 |
| Thermal conductivity, W
x
°K-1 x
cm-1 |
0.12 |
| Termooptical factor (dn/dt) |
8.0 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| Spectral Properties |
|
| Operating transition |
3A2 - 3T2 |
| Absorption band, nm |
900 - 1150 |
| Emission band, nm |
1340 - 1580 |
| Dopant level, at/cm3 |
1017
- 1018 |
| Damage threshold at 1064
nm, 10 ns, MW/cm2 |
500 |
| Upper-level lifetime at
300°K, ms |
3.6 |
| Quantum yield at 300°K,
% |
12 |
| Absorption cross section
at 1064 nm, cm2 |
5.0 x
10-18 |
| Emission cross section
at 1420 nm, cm2 |
4.5 x
10-19 |
APPLICATIONS:
Q-switching of Nd-lasers, range finders, scientific investigations,
medical lasers, etc.
FEATURES:
- High damage threshold
- High contrast
- Low losses
- Wide spectral range
- Small sizes
- X-rays unsensitive
- Wide temperature range (-60 ÷ +60°C )
PASSIVE
Q-SWITCH
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
| Wavelength,
nm |
950 - 1100 nm |
| Initial transmittance,
% |
15 - 90 |
| Initial absorption coefficient,
cm-1 |
0.05 - 3 |
| Aperture, mm |
5 - 12 |
| Contrast |
> 8 - 10 |
| Optical length, mm |
1 - 40 |
| Damage threshold, J/cm2 |
> 4 |
| Long-term stability |
> 15 years |
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Er:YSGG
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|
Active elements from Erbium doped Yttrium Scandium Gallium Garnet crystals
((Y,Er)3Sc2Ga3012
or Er:YSGG) single crystals are desinged for diode pumped solid state
lasers radiating in the 3 µm range. Er:YSGG crystals show the perspectiveness
of their application alongside with the widely used Er:YAG, Er:GGG and
Er:YLF crystals.
PROPERTIES:
| Chemical formula |
Er3+:Y3Sc2Ga3O12 |
| Crystal
structure |
cubic |
| Er dopant concentration
, at.% |
30 - 50 |
| Spatial group |
Oh10 |
| Orientation |
<001>,
<111> |
| Lattice constant,
Å |
12.42 |
Density, g/cm3 |
5.36 |
| Mohs hardness |
>7 |
| Refractive
index, at 1.064 µm |
1.926 |
| Thermal expansion
coefficient |
8.1 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1
x °K-1 |
0.079 |
| Termooptical
factor (dn/dT) |
7 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| Generated wavelength,
µm |
2.797; 2.823 |
Comparative generation characteristics:
| Crystal type |
Er:YSGG |
Er:YAG
|
| Er concerntation,
at. % |
38 |
33 |
| Pumping
wavelength, nm |
966 |
964 |
| Stimulated
radiation wavelength, µm |
2.797; 2.823 |
2.830 |
| Generation
threshold, mW |
72 |
418 |
| Max. power
output |
|
|
| at pumping
power 720 mW, 966 nm |
201 |
51 |
| Slope efficiency,
% |
31.1 |
16.9 |
|
|
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Cr,Nd:YSGG,
Cr,Er:YSGG, Cr,Ho,Tm:YSGG |
|
Flash lamp pumped solid state lasers based on Cr,Nd and Cr,Er doped Yttrium
Scandium Gallium Garnet crystals (Cr,Nd:Y3Sc2Ga3012
or Cr,Nd:YSGG and Cr,Er:Y3Sc2Ga3012
or Cr,Er:YSGG) have a higher efficiency than those based on Nd:YAG and
Er:YAG.
Active elements manufactured from YSGG crystals are optimum for medium
power pulse lasers with the repetition rates up to several tens of cycles.
The advantages of YSGG crystals compared with YAG crystals are lost when
large size elements are used because of the worse thermal characteristics
of YSGG crystals.
Properties and specifications:
| Crystal type |
Cr3+,Nd3+:YSGG |
Cr3+,Er3+:YSGG |
| Dopant concentration,
at/cm3 |
Cr: (1 ÷
2) x 1020
Nd: (2 ÷ 3) x 1020 |
Cr: (1 ÷
2) x 1020
Er: 4 x 1021 |
| Spatial group |
Oh10 |
Oh10 |
| Lattice constant,
Å |
12.42 |
12.42 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
5.2 |
5.2 |
| Mohs hardness |
> 7 |
> 7 |
| Thermal expansion
coefficient |
8.1 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
8.1 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1 x
°K-1 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
| Emission cross-section,
cm2 |
1.5 x
10-19 |
5.2 x
10-21 |
| Lifetime, µs |
240 |
1400 |
| Relative (to
YAG) efficiency of transformation of energy of the flash lamp |
2.3 |
1.5 |
Characteristics and applications of YSGG:
| Dopant |
Cr,Nd |
Cr,Ho,Tm |
Cr,Er |
| Lasing wavelength,
µm |
1.058 |
2.088 |
2.791 |
| Refractive
index |
1.9263 |
1.9263 |
1.9263 |
| Termooptical
factor (dn/dT) |
12.3 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
12.3 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
12.3 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
Ultimate lasing
regimes,
Free running mode |
overall efficiency
8% |
overall efficiency
2.1%
slope efficiency 3.1% |
overall efficiency
2.1%
slope efficiency 3.0% |
Ultimate lasing
regimes,
Electro-optical Q-switch |
pulse energy
500 mJ
overall efficiency 4% |
-
|
overall efficiency
0.16%
slope efficiency 0.38% |
| Sizes, (dia
x length), mm |
from 3 x 30
to 12.7 x 152.4 |
from 3 x 30
to 9.5 x 101.6 |
from 3 x 30
to12.7 x 127.0 |
| Fields of applications |
material processing,
scientific investigations |
material processing,
medical applications, lithotripsy |
material processing,
medical applications, scientific investigations |
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Nd:YLF
|
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|
Nd:YLF (Nd:LiYF4) offers an alternative
to the more common YAG host for near IR operation. The combination of
weak thermal lensing, large fluorescence line width and naturally polarized
oscillation makes Nd:YLF an excellent material for CW, modelocked operation.
YLF is grown utilizing the modified Czochralsky technique. The as-grown
crystals are then processed into laser rods or slabs, coated in house,
and inspected per customer specifications.
FEATURES:
- High power, low beam divergence, efficient single mode operation
- High average power Q-switched at a moderate repetition rate
- Linear polarized resonators for Q-switching and frequency doubling
- Potential uniform mode for large diameter rods or slabs
- Stimulated emission cross section and lifetime product is favourable
for low CW threshold
- 1053 nm output matches gain curves of Nd:Glass and performs well
as an oscillator and pre-amplifier for this host
PROPERTIES:
| Crystal symmetry |
tetragonal |
| Nd dopant concentration,
at.% |
up to 1.6
|
| Density, g/cm3 |
3.95 |
| Mohs hardness |
4 - 5 |
| Lattice constant,
Å |
a = 5.26, c
= 10.94 |
| Refractive
index, at 1.053 µm |
no
= 1.448; ne = 1.47 |
| Transmission
band, µm |
0.1 - 7.5 |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1
x °K-1 |
0.06 |
| Thermooptical
factor (dn/dT), at 1.06 µm |
π = 4.3
x 10-6
x °K-1,
σ = 2.0 x 10-6
x °K-1 |
| Non-linear
index n2, esu |
0.6 x
10-13 |
| Stimulated
emission cross-section, cm2 |
3.0 x
10-19 |
| Generated wavelength,
µm |
π = 1.047,
σ = 1.053 |
| Lifetime, µs |
540 |
| Optical losses
at 1.053 µm, cm-1 |
< 0.003 |
| Optical quality |
< 0.3 x
10-5 |
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:
| Rod dimensions,
mm |
dia. (3 - 10)
± 0.1, length (25 - 140) ± 0.2 |
| Rod end face
flatness |
N = 0.5 interf.
band, ΔN = 0.5 interf. band |
| Parallelism
of rod end faces, arc.sec |
15 |
| End faces perpendicularity,
arc.min |
5 |
| Barrel finish,
µm |
1.5 |
| End faces coating |
AR/AR coating
at 1.05 µm |
|
|
|
Er:YLF,
Ho:YLF, Tm:YLF |
|
|
The Er:YLF, Ho:YLF and Tm:YLF single crystal rods are designed to be applied
in solid-state lasers which are widely used for industrial, medical and
scientific applications. Pure YLF crystals are transparent within the
spectrum band of 0.12 - 7.5 µm, photo-, thermo- and radiation-resistant.
The YLF crystals have low values of non-linear refraction index and thermooptical
constants.
APPLICATIONS:
- A leading laser (Nd:YLF, wavelength - 1.053 µm) in phosphate
glass laser systems
- Highly sensitive detection/ranging measuring systems (Ho:YLF, wavelength
- 0.75 µm and Er:YLF, wavelength - 0.85 µm)
- Eye-harmless target spotlighting laser system (Er:YLF, wavelength
- 1.73 µm)
- High output power tunable lasers (Ce:YLF, wavelength - 0.29 - 0.32
µm)
- Complex measuring systems using several operation wavelengths:
(Er:YLF, wavelength 0.85 and 1.73 µm)
(Ho:YLF, wavelength 0.75 and 0.98 µm)
(Tm:YLF, wavelength 2.35 and 1.89 µm)
- Guidance systems lasers (YLF:Ho, wavelength 3.9 µm)
PROPERTIES:
| Crystal symmetry |
tetragonal |
| Density, g/cm3 |
3.95 |
| Mohs hardness |
4 - 5 |
| Refractive
index |
no
= 1.448; ne = 1.47 |
| Transmission
band, µm |
0.1 - 7.5 |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1
x °K-1 |
0.06 |
| Thermooptical
factor (dn/dT), at 1.06 µm |
π = 4.3
x 10-6 x
°K-1, σ = 2.0 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| Non-linear
Index n2, esu |
0.6 x
10-13 |
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS:
| Rod dimensions,
mm |
dia. (3 - 10)
± 0.1, length (25 - 140) ± 0.2 |
| Rod end face
flatness |
N = 0.5 interf.
band, Δ N = 0.5 interf. band |
| Parallelism
of rod end faces, arcsec |
15 |
| End faces perpendicularity,
arcmin |
5 |
| Barrel finish,
µm |
1.5 |
| End faces coating |
AR/AR coating |
|
|
|
Doped YVO4 and combined YVO4
/Nd3+:YVO4
|
|
Nd doped Yttrium Vanadate
(Nd3+:YVO4)
Nd3+:YVO4
is one of the most effective and advanced materials for diode pumped lasers.
Compactly designed Nd3+:YVO4
lasers with green, red and blue light output are really perfect means
for material processing, spectroscopy, medical diagnostics, laser printing
and other applications.
Compared to Nd3+:YAG
and Nd3+:YLF, Nd3+:YVO4
diode pumped lasers have the following advantages:
ADVANTAGES:
- Wide absorption bandwidth
- Low lasing threshold
- High slope efficiency
- Large luminescent cross-section
- Linearly polarized emission and single-mode output
MAIN PROPERTIES:
| Syngony |
cubic |
| Spatial group |
Fd3m |
| Lattice constant,
Å |
a = b = 7.12,
c= 6.29 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
4.22 |
| Mohs hardness |
8 - 9 |
| Melting point,
°C |
2105 |
| Crystal structure |
tetragonal |
| Refractive
indices: |
|
| |
at 1064 nm |
no
=1.9573; ne =2.1652 |
| |
at 808 nm |
no
=1.9721; ne =2.1858 |
| |
at 532 nm |
no
=2.0210; ne =2.2560 |
| Thermal expansion
coefficient |
αc
= 11.37 x 10-6
x °K-1 |
| Thermal conductivity
at 25°C, W x m-1
x °K-1 |
|
| |
perpendicular
to c-axis |
5.10 |
| Lasing Wavelengths,
nm |
914, 1064,
1342 |
Specifications for Nd3+:YVO4
laser rods:
| Nd3+
concentration, at. % |
0.1 - 4.0 |
| Configuration
of rod´s cross section |
round or square |
| Diameter, mm |
1.5 - 25.0 |
| Length, mm |
0.5 - 30.0 |
| Diameter tolerance,
mm |
± 0.1 |
| Length tolerance,
mm |
± 0.5 |
| Non-parallelism
of end faces, arc sec |
10 |
| Surface finish,
Scratch-Dig |
10 - 5 |
| Flatness |
λ/10 |
Sizes and dimensions of elements
can be varied according to customer´s demand.
Yttrium
Vanadate doped with Er; Yb; Er&Yb (YVO4:Er3+;
YVO4:Yb3+;
YVO4:Er3+,Yb3+)
YVO4 crystals doped with Er3+
and also with a combination of Er3+, Yb3+
work on wavelenghts of 1.54, 1.61 µm and are used in eyesafe laser
applications. In contrast to Er3+, Yb3+
doped phosphate glass, Er3+, Yb3+:YVO4
crystals can be used in CW mode with high pump energy and high efficiency.
Its thermal conductivity is much higher than that of glass and this improves
pump characteristics of the laser and relaxes cooling requirements.
Yb3+:YVO4
has a wide absorption bandwidth at 0.98 µm and can generate with high
effectivity at 1.02 µm due to low losses of the pump energy.
Specifications for YVO4:Er3+;
YVO4:Yb3+
| Er3+
concentration, at. % |
0.2
- 5.0 |
| Yb3+
concentration, at. % |
0.5
- 5.0 |
| Cross section,
mm |
from 2 x 2
to 5 x 10 |
| Length, mm |
0.5 - 20 |
| Diameter tolerance,
mm |
± 0.1 |
| Length tolerance,
mm |
± 0.1 |
| Non-parallelism
of end faces, arc sec |
10 |
| Surface finish,
Scratch-Dig |
10 - 5 |
| Flatness |
λ/10 |
Combined Yttrium
Vanadate (YVO4 /Nd3+:YVO4)
Yttrium Vanadate (YVO4
/Nd3+:YVO4)
crystals combined during growth process are principially different from
analoguous composite crystals, produced by bonding undoped and Nd3+
doped YVO4 crystals utilizing thermal
diffusion. In case of thermal diffusion at the bonding interface optical
losses can be examined, which lead to lower laser efficiency, and at certain
laser conditions cracks can appear on this interfaces resulting in damage
of the optical element. The offered combined crystals do not have such
bonding interfaces and for this reason mentioned problems do not occur.
The combined crystals have about 10-15% higher output generation characteristics
and a higher damage threshold compared to composite crystals.
Specifications for combined YVO4
/Nd3+:YVO4:
| Nd3+
concentration, at. % |
0.1 - 2.0 |
| Cross section,
mm |
from 2 x 2
to 5 x 10 |
| Length of undoped
part, mm |
1 - 5 |
| Length of doped
part, mm |
1 - 10 |
| Diameter tolerance,
mm |
± 0.1 |
| Length tolerance,
mm |
± 0.1 |
| Non-parallelism
of end faces, arc sec |
10 |
| Surface finish,
Scratch-Dig |
10 - 5 |
| Flatness |
λ/10 |
Sizes and dimensions of elements
can be varied according to customer´s demand. |
|
|
TGG
|
|
|
Terbium Gallium Garnet (Tb3Ga5O12
or TGG) is a new crystal material for optical isolator devices. Optical
isolator devices make use of the non-reciprocal Faraday effect in TGG.
The Faraday effect is the rotation of the plane of polarization of the
light beam as it is transmitted through TGG crystal in the presence of
an external magnetic field coaxial with the light. The polarization rotation
is in the same sense regardless of the direction of the propagation of
the light. An optical isolator is a Faraday rotator combined with suitably
aligned polarizers which allows light to pass in one direction only.
ADVANTAGES:
- TGG has twice the Verdet constant of a Terbium-doped Glass
- The thermal conductivity of crystalline TGG is an order of magnitude
greater than a typical Glass
- Optical losses are lower for TGG than Tb-doped Glasses
The combination of the above factors makes TGG more suitable for high
average power applications. The principal limiting factor is thermally
induced beam distortion. Beam distortion is less for TGG than for Tb-doped
Glasses under the same power loading level.
PROPERTIES:
| Crystal structure |
cubic |
| Lattice constant,
Å |
12.347 |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1
x °K-1 |
0.045 |
| Refractive
indexes: |
|
| at 1060 nm |
1.954 |
| at 600 nm |
1.978 |
| Dielectric
constant |
12.40 ±
0.03 |
| Dielectric
loss, tan θ |
0.0005 |
| Forward transmission,
% |
>99 |
| Birefrigence,
% |
< 0.01 |
| Insertion loss,
cm-1 |
< 0.01 |
| Extinction
ratio, dB |
>30 |
| Absorption
coefficient at 500 - 1200 nm, cm-1 |
0.0055 - 0.0060 |
| Non-linear
coefficient n, esu |
8 x
10-13 |
| Verdet constant
(V), min x oersted-1
x cm-1 |
|
| at 1058 nm |
0.1272 |
| at 633 nm |
0.46 |
| Figure of Merit
(at 633 nm), min/dB |
1.5 |
| Pulse damage
threshold, MW/cm2 |
>300
|
| Operation temperature
range, °C |
23 ± 5 |
| Orientation
of the rod axis |
<100>
or <111> crystallographic direction (± 15') |
|
|
|
Nd:KGW,
Er:KGW |
|
|
Neodymium doped Potassium-Gadolinium Tungstate crystals (Nd:KGd(WO4)2
or Nd:KGW) are low-threshold high effective laser
medium exceptionally suitable for laser rangefinders. |
|
The efficiency of such lasers is 3 - 5 times better than that of the Yttrium-Aluminium
Garnet (YAG) lasers. At low pumping energies (0.5 to 1.0 J) KGW crystals
are one of the few materials ensuing an effective generation. KGW single
crystals can also be used for the fabrication of high-efficiency lasers
with high output energy. The single crystals exhibit a high optical quality.
KGW crystals have great value of the bulk strength for laser radiation.
The technology enables the obtaining of KGW single crystals with the weight
of up to 3 kg and fabrication of round active elements with the diameter
from 4 to 12 mm and the length from 50 to 120 mm.
ADVANTAGES:
- Low oscillation threshold : 0.1 - 0.3 J
- High efficiency beginning from low pumping levels (0.5 - 1.0 J)
3-5 % (3 to 5 times that of Nd:YAG lasers)
- Polarized radiation (anisotropic oscillation)
- Minimal laser beam divergence: 5 angular minutes
- High optical homogenity of the crystals: losses (4 - 5)
x 10-4 cm-1
- Effective Q-modulation (15 mcsec) on Kodak sheets
- Effective mode synchronization (15 psec) on Kodak sheets.
- Compact laser elements with a Fresnel diffraction (without an outcoupling
mirror)
- Highly effective lasers on SLAB elements with a diode pumping
- A highly effective regime for the BKP self-transformation of the
radiation creation of multiline lasers; tunable lasers from 400 to
1700 nm)
PROPERTIES of Nd:KGW :
| Crystal structure |
monoclinic |
| Space group |
C2h(2/m) |
| Lattice constant,
Å |
a = 8.10; b
= 10.43; c = 7.60 |
| Refractive
index, at 1067 nm |
nq
= 2.049; np = 1.978; nm
= 2.014 |
| Mohs hardness |
5 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
7.27 |
| Thermal conductivity
at 373°K, W x cm-1
x °K-1 |
K[100]
= 0.026; K[010]= 0.038; K[001]
= 0.034 |
| Young's modulus,
GPa |
E[100]
= 115.8; E[010]= 152.5; E[001]
= 92.4 |
| Termal expansion
coefficient, at 373°K |
α[100]
= 4 x 10-6
x °K-1;
α[010]= 1.6 x
10-6 x
°K-1; α[001]=
8.5 x 10-6
x
°K-1 |
| Refraction
index variation |
(0.4 - 1) x
10-5 |
Rods with round cross-sections are manufactured:
| Orientation |
[010] along
rod ± 30' |
| Dopant concentration (at.
%) |
2 - 10 |
| Diameter tolerance, mm |
+ 0.0 / -0.1 |
| Length tolerance, mm |
+1.0 / -0.0 |
| Chamfer |
45 ± 10° x 0.2 ±
0.1 mm |
| Parallelism |
< 30' |
| Perpendicularity |
< 15' |
| Flatness |
< 0.2 |
| Absorption loss at 1150
nm, cm-1 |
< 0.005 |
Erbium doped KGW rods are also available.
|
|
|
Ti:SAPPHIRE
|
|
|
Titanium doped Sapphire (Ti3+:Al2O3
or Ti:Sapphire) is the most widely used crystal for wavelengths
tunable lasers. It combines the excellent thermal, physical and
optical properties of Sapphire with the broadest tunable range
of any known material. |
|
It can be lased over the entire band from 660 to 1100 nm. Frequency doubling
provides tunability over the blue-green region of the visible spectrum.
Ti:Sapphire crystals are active media for highly efficient tunable solid-state
lasers. They demonstrate good operation in the pulsed-periodic, quasi-CW
and CW modes of operation. Ti:Sapphire is a 4-level, Vibronic laser with
fluorescence lifetime of 3.6 µm. The peak of the absorption band is
490 nm which makes it an excellent material for pumping with a variety
of sources operating in the green-argon ion, copper vapour, frequency-doubled
Nd:YAG, and dye lasers are routinely used. Crystals have also been flashlight
pumped by lamps designed to allow short fluorescence lifetime. These factors
and broad tunability make it an excellent replacement for several common
dye lasing materials. The crystals are grown using Czochralsky and Ciropolous
techniques.
MATERIAL PHYSICAL AND LASER PROPERTIES:
| Chemical formula |
Ti3+:Al2O3 |
| Crystal structure |
hexagonal |
| Lattice parameters, Å |
a = 4.748; c = 12.957 |
| Refractive indexes |
np
= 1.759; nm = 1.767 |
| Birefrigence |
0.0082 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
3.98 |
| Mohs hardness |
9 |
| Thermal conductivity at
25°C, W x cm-1
x °K-1 |
|
| perpendicular to c-axis |
0.35 |
| parallel to c-axis |
0.33 |
| Specific heat at 18°C,
J x kg-1
x °K-1 |
761 |
| Thermal expansion coefficient
(20 - 100°C) |
|
| perpendicular to c-axis |
4.78 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| parallel to c-axis |
5.31 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| Syngony |
triangular |
| Axial characteristic |
uniaxial |
Rods with round cross-sections are manufactured:
| Tuning range,
nm |
680 - 1100 |
| Pumping range, nm |
450 - 532 |
| Ti dopant concentration,
at.% |
0.02 ÷ 0.35 |
| Absorption coefficient
at 510 nm, cm-1 |
0.5 ÷ 2.5 |
| FOM |
>200 |
| Orientation |
90° to c axis |
| Geometry |
flat-flat / Brewster |
| Endsunparallelity |
10" |
| Flatness |
0.2 |
| Orientation tolerance |
< 5° |
| Broadband AR coatings,
% |
< 0.2 |
| Diameter, mm |
(3 ÷ 40) ± 0.1 |
| Length, mm |
(10 ÷ 140) ± 0.5 |
Other sizes as well as geometry of crystals are available. |
|
|
ALEXANDRITE
|
|
Chrysoberyl
(BeAl2O4) modification - Alexandrite (Cr3+:BeAl2O4) is a particularly
attractive precious gem. It is also a uniquely versatile solid-state
laser material. It has the distinction of being the first solid-state
laser medium capable of tunable operation at room temperature.
Alexandrite lasers are vibronic lasers; that is, phonons, as well
as photons, are emitted during lasing. The wavelength tuning is
accomplished by controlling the branching of energy between phonons
and photons during lasing . Alexandrite lasers have been tuned
across most of the spectrum between 701 and 860 nm. The central
part of the tuning range is from 720 - 800 nm. Using non-linear
wavelength conversion processes such as harmonic generation and
raman shifting, light has been generated at wavelengths from the
deep IR (20 µm) to the VUV.
In addition, to its broad absorption bands throughout the visible
spectrum, alexandrite exhibits narrow R line absorption features
at wavelengths near 680 nm. These properties together with its
long fluorescence lifetime make it an excellent material for both
flashlamp and diode pumping. Alexandrite's thermo-mechanical properties
make it an excellent performer in high power laser applications. |
|
MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
| Operation in
pulsed and CW modes at wavelengths, nm |
700 - 820 |
| Syngony |
rhombic |
| Spatial group |
Pnma (D2h16) |
| Lattice space
parameters, Å: |
a = 5.47; b
= 9.39; c = 4.42 |
| Mohs hardness |
8.5 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
3.79 |
| Refractive
indexes |
ng
= 1.753; nm = 1.747; np
= 1.744 |
| Axial characteristic |
biaxial |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1 x
°K-1 |
0.23 |
| Stimulated
emission cross-section at 300°K, cm2 |
3.0 x
10-19 |
| Lifetime, sec |
260 x
10-6 |
| Absorption
loss at 750 nm, cm-1 |
0.001 - 0.003 |
| Generation
boundaries depending on Cr+3
concentration, J |
15 - 30 |
| Operation boundaries
depending on operation in pulsed and CW mode at wavelengths, µm: |
0.70 - 0.82 |
Rods
with round cross-sections are manufactured
| Cr dopant concentration,
at.% |
0.03 ÷ 0.50 |
| Diameter, mm |
(4 ÷ 10)
± 0.1 |
| Length, mm |
(60 ÷ 110)
± 0.6 |
| Ends unparallelity |
10´´ |
| Surface quality,
scratch/dig |
10 - 5 |
| Flatness |
λ/10 |
| Orientation tolerance |
< 5° |
| Orientation |
001 |
|
|
|
Cr:FORSTERITE
|
|
Cr:Forsterite (Cr:Mg2SiO4)
crystal is a new tunable laser material that fills the spectral void in
the near-IR region. The tuning range covers the important spectral range
from 1130 to 1348 nm, which provides a minimal dispersion in optical fibers.
The Cr:Forsterite laser eventually explores its niche applications for
semiconductor characterisation, eye-safe ranging, medical, industrial
and scientific research. Both pulsed and continuous-wave (CW) laser operations
have been obtained when pumped with 532, 578, 629 and 1064 nm.
We provide Cr:Forsterite crystals with the dimensions up to 120 mm in
length and up to 30 mm in diameter. AR-coatings can be provided to meet
your specific requirements.
PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES:
| Cr dopant concentration,
at.% |
0.05 ÷
0.50 |
| Syngony |
rhombic |
| Lattice space
parameters, Å |
a = 4.77; b
= 10.28; c = 6.00 |
| Refractive
indexes |
ng
= 1.670; nm = 1.651; np
= 1.635 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
3.217 |
| Mohs hardness |
7 |
| Axial characteristic |
biaxial |
| Thermal expansion
coefficient |
9.5 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
| Thermal conductivity,
W x cm-1
x °K-1 |
0.08 |
| Stimulated
emission cross section, cm-2 |
1.44 x
10-19 |
| Relaxation
time of terminal lasing level, ps |
< 10 |
| Radiative lifetime,
µs |
25 |
| Spontaneous
fluorescence, µs |
2.7 |
| Absorption
loss at 1230 nm, cm-1 |
0.007 - 0.060 |
| Absorption
coefficient at 1064 nm, cm-1 |
0.7 - 3.0 |
SPECTROSCOPIC AND LASER PROPERTIES:
| Major pumping
bands, nm |
850 - 1200;
600 - 850; 350 - 550 |
| Fluorescence
band, nm |
680 - 1400 |
| Fluorescence
lifetime at 25°C, µs |
< 3 |
| Lasing wavelength
(center) |
1235 nm (pulsed),
1244 nm (CW) |
| Spectral bandwidth |
30 nm (pulsed),
12 nm (CW) |
| Typical slope
efficiency |
23% (pulsed),
38% (CW) |
| Tuning range,
nm |
1130 - 1348 |
| Gain cross
section, cm2 |
< 1.45 x
10-19 |
|
|
|
LASER
GLASSES |
|
|
We offer the following Laser Glasses:
Concentrated Nd phosphate Glasses with lowered concentration
luminescence quenching. Lasing wavelengths - 1.05 and 1.35 µm:
| Nd ions concentration
range, cm-3 |
from 4 x
1020 to 27 x
1020 |
| Nd radiational
lifetime, µs |
330 |
| Nd lifetime
at 10 x 1020 cm-3
concentration, µs |
190 |
| Nd lifetime
at 27 x 1020
cm-3 concentration, µs |
80 |
| Lasing cross-section
at 1.054 µm, cm2 |
3.8 x
10-20 |
| Density, g/cm3 |
2.85 |
| Refractive
index |
1.55 |
| Thermal expansion
coefficient |
8.0 x
10-6 x
°K-1 |
Availability - rods (or other according to customer's demands) up
to 120 - 150 mm long. Ends AR-coating is provided.
Erbium-activated phosphate laser Glasses. Lasing
wavelength - 1.54 µm
-Glasses for flashlamp pumping:
- Chromium-Ytterbium-Erbium activated Glasses are designed for maximal
efficiency (up to 2.5 - 3.0 % in free running) under Xe flash lamp
pumping in the regime of rare pulses.
- Neodymium-Ytterbium-Erbium activated laser Glasses are designed
for efficient (up to 2.0 - 2.5 %) flashlamp pumped operation in case
of repetitive pulses. Heat dissipation in them is lower than that
in Chromium-containing Glasses and they exhibit no temperature decrease
of lasing parameters.
Availability - rods according to customer's demands up to 120 mm long
and up to 10 mm in diameter. Ends AR-coating is provided.
-Concentrated Ytterbium-Erbium phosphate laser Glasses
for laser diode pumped operation.
These Glasses have extremely high (4 x 1021
cm-3) Ytterbium ions content
resulting in high absorption coefficient of InGaAs Laser diode radiation
(up to 35 cm-1 at the peak at 975 nm).
Erbium content can be varied depending on the customers demands (typically
(3 - 5) x 1019 cm-3
for side pumping and (1.5 - 2) x 1020
cm-3 for microchip lasers).
Availability - rods or plates according to customer's demands with
appropriate antireflection or reflective coatings.
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